ASSIGMENT
2
BAHASA
INGGRIS BISNIS 2
A. Active and Passive Sentences
·
Active
In
active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and
the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.
[Thing
doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]
·
Passive
In passive
sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and
the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence.
You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action
is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if
you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is
doing the action.
[Thing
receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing
action]
Active / Passive Overview
Tense
|
Active
|
Passive
|
Simple Present
|
Once a week, Tom cleans the
house.
|
Once a week, the house is
cleaned by Tom.
|
Present Continuous
|
Right now, Sarah is writing
the letter.
|
Right now, the letter is being
written by Sarah.
|
Simple Past
|
Sam repaired the car.
|
The car was repaired by
Sam.
|
Past Continuous
|
The salesman was helping
the customer when the thief came into the store.
|
The customer was being helped
by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
|
Present Perfect
|
Many tourists have visited
that castle.
|
That castle has been visited
by many tourists.
|
Present Perfect Continuous
|
Recently, John has been doing
the work.
|
Recently, the work has been
being done by John.
|
Past Perfect
|
George had repaired many
cars before he received his mechanic's license.
|
Many cars had been repaired
by George before he received his mechanic's license.
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
Chef Jones had been preparing
the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.
|
The restaurant's fantastic dinners
had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to
Paris.
|
Simple Future
will |
Someone will finish the
work by 5:00 PM.
|
The work will be finished
by 5:00 PM.
|
Simple Future
be going to |
Sally is going to make a
beautiful dinner tonight.
|
A beautiful dinner is going to
be made by Sally tonight.
|
Future Continuous
will |
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will
be washing the dishes.
|
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will
be being washed by John.
|
Future Continuous
be going to |
At 8:00 PM tonight, John is
going to be washing the dishes.
|
At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are
going to be being washed by John.
|
Future Perfect
will |
They will have completed
the project before the deadline.
|
The project will have been
completed before the deadline.
|
Future Perfect
be going to |
They are going to have
completed the project before the deadline.
|
The project is going to have
been completed before the deadline.
|
Future Perfect Continuous
will |
The famous artist will have
been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.
|
The mural will have been being
painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is
finished.
|
Future Perfect Continuous
be going to |
The famous artist is going to
have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is
finished.
|
The mural is going to have been
being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is
finished.
|
Used to
|
Jerry used to pay the
bills.
|
The bills used to be paid
by Jerry.
|
Would Always
|
My mother would always make the
pies.
|
The pies would always be made by
my mother.
|
Future in the Past
Would |
I knew John would finish
the work by 5:00 PM.
|
I knew the work would be
finished by 5:00 PM.
|
Future in the Past
Was Going to |
I thought Sally was going to
make a beautiful dinner tonight.
|
I thought a beautiful dinner was
going to be made by Sally tonight.
|
Examples:
1. The wedding planner is making all
the reservations. (active)
All the reservations will be made by the wedding planner. (passive)
All the reservations will be made by the wedding planner. (passive)
2. Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes
for the bake sale. (active)
For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked by Susan. (passive)
For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked by Susan. (passive)
3. The science class viewed the comet.
(active)
The comet was viewed by the science class. (passive)
The comet was viewed by the science class. (passive)
4. Who ate the last cookie? (active)
The last cookie was eaten by whom? (passive)
The last cookie was eaten by whom? (passive)
5. Alex posted the video on Facebook.
(active)
The video was posted on Facebook by Alex. (passive)
The video was posted on Facebook by Alex. (passive)
6. The director will give you
instructions. (active)
Instructions will be given to you by the director. (passive)
Instructions will be given to you by the director. (passive)
7. Thousands of tourists view the Grand
Canyon every year. (active)
The Grand Canyon is viewed by thousands of tourists every year. (passive)
The Grand Canyon is viewed by thousands of tourists every year. (passive)
A. Relative
Clauses
What is Relative Clauses?
Relative
clauses are non-essential parts of a sentence. They may add meaning, but if
they are removed, the sentence will still function grammatically. There are two
broad types of relative clauses in English. It is important to distinguish
between them because it affects the choice of pronoun used to introduce the
clause.
Relative
clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who, that, which,
whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun
that precedes them. Here are some examples:
Examples :
§ The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind.
§ Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?
§ The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.
§ The weather that we had this summer was beautiful.
§ Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?
§ A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.
§ I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.
§ I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.
§ Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!
Note 1:
The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun.
It must be followed by a noun.
Note
2: The relative pronouns where
and when are used with place and time nouns.
Note
3 : Some relative clauses are not used to
define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information
about it. Here are some examples:
Notes 4: There is a relative
pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause.
For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To
many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely
used in spoken English.
Relative Pronouns 
relative pronoun
|
use
|
example
|
who
|
subject or object
pronoun for people
|
I told you about the
woman who lives next door.
|
which
|
subject or object
pronoun for animals and things
|
Do you see the cat which
is lying on the roof?
|
which
|
referring to a whole
sentence
|
He couldn’t read which
surprised me.
|
whose
|
possession for people
animals and things
|
Do you know the boy whose
mother is a nurse?
|
whom
|
object pronoun for
people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative
clauses we colloquially prefer who)
|
I was invited by the
professor whom I met at the conference.
|
that
|
subject or object
pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who
or which are also possible)
|
I don’t like the
table that stands in the kitchen.
|
B.
Conditional Sentences
·
Definiton
Conditional tenses are
used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what
we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain
the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences
that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal
past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to
something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing
conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of
an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional
sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using
"unless" instead of "if".
·
Type
of Conditional Sentences
Conditional
sentence type
|
Usage
|
If
clause verb tense
|
Main
clause verb tense
|
Zero
|
General truths
|
Simple present
|
Simple present
|
Type 1
|
A possible condition and its
probable result
|
Simple present
|
Simple future
|
Type 2
|
A hypothetical condition and its
probable result
|
Simple past
|
Present conditional or Present
continuous conditional
|
Type 3
|
An unreal past condition and its
probable result in the past
|
Past perfect
|
Perfect conditional
|
§ The zero conditional is used for
when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real
and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general
truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero
conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the
word "when" without changing the meaning.
Examples :
1. If I sleep
late, I am sleepy at work.
2. If you dry fruits or vegetables, they lose
their nutrient and calorie.
3. If one
doesn’t drink after doing exercise, one gets dehydrated.
4. If we burn paper, does it become ash?
§ Type 1 conditional
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
Examples :
1. If I find her address, I will give invitation
2. If the bell rings, I’ll go home.
3. If you meet Andy, ask him to call me.
4. If the volunteers do not come to help, the victims of the landslide will die
5. If she has much money, she will buy a new car for her father.
§ Type 2 conditional
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
Examples :
1. If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
2. If Nisa studied hard, she would pass.
3. If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity.
4. Were She here, I would tell her that I love her.
5. I would be there now if she invited me to her wedding party.
§ Type 3 conditional
The
type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past,
and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they
are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is
used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type
3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main
clause uses the perfect conditional.
§
Mixed
type conditional
The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.
Examples:
1. If
he had asked you for forgiveness, would you have forgiven him?
2. If
you hadn’t known the truth, you shouldn’t have spreaded the gossip.
3. Had
you told her that you would marry her last year, she wouldn’t have been with
him.
4. If
I had given the interviewer really good answers, I might have got a higher
position than you.
5. If
you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
