TUGAS
1
BAHASA
INGGRIS BISNIS 2
WINDA
MAULINA
29213323
3EB22
UNIVERSITAS
GUNADARMA
1. TENSES
A . Simple Present Tenses
·
Definition
The simple
present or present simple is one of the verb forms associated
with the present tense in modern English. It is commonly referred to as a tense, although it
also encodes certain information about aspect in addition to present time.
It is called "simple" because its basic form consists
of a single word (like write or writes),
in contrast with other present tense forms such as the present progressive (is writing) and present perfect (has written). For nearly all English verbs the
simple present is identical to the base form (dictionary form)
of the verb, except when the subject is third-person singular, in which case the ending -(e)s is added. There are a few verbs with
irregular forms, the most notable being the copula be, which has the simple present forms am, is and are.
The principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action
or event that takes place habitually, as in He writes for a living (in contrast to the present progressive, which refers to something taking place at the present
moment: He is writing a letter
now). However certain verbs expressing a state, such as be and know,
are used in the simple present even when referring to a temporary present
state. There are also certain other uses (including those mentioned in the
following paragraph) in which the simple present does not reflect a habitual
aspect.
·
The function:
1. Present
Simple is used to talk about activities that happen repeatedly and things that
we do regularly, such as habits and routines. Adverbs of frequency are often used with the Present
Simple.
§
I play golf every Monday.
§ They
often travel to
China.
§ She gets up at 8:00 every day.
§ I
don’t walk to
school.
§ She
doesn’t love him.
2. Secondly,
we use the Present Simple to talk about factual information, such as general
truths, scientific facts, or definitions.
§
My
teacher always arrives early.
§ Water boils at
100 celsius.
§ Doctors study for
many years.
§ The
sky isn’t green.
§ The
word smart means “intelligent”.
3. We
also use the Present Simple with stative verbs (non-action verbs) to talk about
states or conditions, such as physical descriptions, feelings, relationships,
knowledge, beliefs or possession.
§
She is short and has long hair.
§ They like strawberries.
§ We want a new car.
§ I promise I
will help you.
§ You look fantastic.
4. We
use the Present Simple to describe situations that are more or less permanent.
(If a situation is new or temporary, use the Present Continuous)
§
They work at a bank.
§ I travel every
summer.
§ She has two daughters.
§ Where do you live?
§ He is married.
5. The Present Simple is also used with the Zero conditional.
6. We
use the Present Simple to talk about what happens in books, movies, and plays.
§ A
young woman travels through Europe,
where she meets different people,
and finally falls in love.
§ In
this book, the hero saves the
princess and marries her.
§ The
main character is very
pretty and works at a café.
7. Future
schedules, timetables, and fixed plans are expressed with the Present Simple,
usually when they are set by an organization, not by us.
§
School begins at 9:00 and ends at 3:00.
§ The
plane doesn’t arrive at 3:00, it arrives at 3:30.
§ When does the movie start?
§ The
bus leaves every
15 minutes.
8. And
lastly, we also use it to talk about the future after words such as
“when”, “until”, “before”, “after”, and “as soon as”.
§ He
will call you when he has time.
(Not ‘will have’)
§ I
won’t go out until it stops raining.
§ I’ll
give you the book before you go.
§ I’m
going to make dinner after I watch the
news.
§ She’ll
come as soon as her babysitter arrives.
B . Present Continuous Tense
·
Definition
The present
continuous, also called the present
progressive, is one of the present tenses used in modern English, the
others being the simple present and the emphatic present. All of these can be employed
in both the indicative and subjunctive moods.
·
The functions:
§ To describe something which is happening at the exact moment
of speech:
Example: The boy is crying.
§ To describe an action that is taking place now but not at
the exact moment of speech:
Example: He is working in Dubai.
§ To describe an event planned in the future:
Example: I'm resitting my French
exam on Tuesday.
§ With always but meaning often (used
to emphasize the frequency of an action in a humorous or hyperbolic way):
Example: My mother is always making
me go to school!
§ To describe an action that is taking place now and is
subject to interruption:
Example: Ellen cannot come to the
phone since she is sleeping.
C . Simple Past Tense
·
Definition
Simple past tense is used to
indicate the activity in the past. Furthermore, simple past is used for
retelling successive events. So, it is commonly used in a story telling.
The formula of Simple Past Tense :
a. Without Verb :
(+) S + to be (was/were) + Obj. / Compliment
(-) S + to be (was/were) + not + Obj. / Compliment
(?) To be (was/were) + S + Obj. / Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I was at home last night
(-) I was not at home last night
(?) Was I at home last night?
b. With Verb :
(+) S + V2 + Compliment
(-) S + did + not + V1 + Compliment
(?) Did + S + V1 + Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I called him last night.
(-) I did not call him last night.
(?) Did I call him last night?
Time Signal of Simple Past Tense :
- Yesterday
- Yesterday afternoon
- Last night
- Last month
- Last week
- Last year
- An hour ago
The formula of Simple Past Tense :
a. Without Verb :
(+) S + to be (was/were) + Obj. / Compliment
(-) S + to be (was/were) + not + Obj. / Compliment
(?) To be (was/were) + S + Obj. / Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I was at home last night
(-) I was not at home last night
(?) Was I at home last night?
b. With Verb :
(+) S + V2 + Compliment
(-) S + did + not + V1 + Compliment
(?) Did + S + V1 + Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I called him last night.
(-) I did not call him last night.
(?) Did I call him last night?
Time Signal of Simple Past Tense :
- Yesterday
- Yesterday afternoon
- Last night
- Last month
- Last week
- Last year
- An hour ago
·
The
Function
To
tell about activity that began in the past and ended in the past too. We
usually use simple past tense when the adverb of time in the sentence is
specific when the adverb is not specific we can use simple perfect tense.
D . Past Continuous Tense
·
Definition
Past Continuous Tense is a kind of
tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening
in a certain time in the past.
The pattern of Past Continuous Tense:
(+) S + to b (was, were) + V1-ing + .....
(-) S + to be (was, were) + not + V1-ing + .....
(?) To be (was, were) + S + V1-ing + .....?
Example :
(+) I was studying all day yesterday.
(-) I was not studying all day yesterday.
(?) Was I studying all day?
Note:
Subjek (S) To be
(+) S + to b (was, were) + V1-ing + .....
(-) S + to be (was, were) + not + V1-ing + .....
(?) To be (was, were) + S + V1-ing + .....?
Example :
(+) I was studying all day yesterday.
(-) I was not studying all day yesterday.
(?) Was I studying all day?
Note:
Subjek (S) To be
He, She,
It Was
I
Was
You, We,
They Were
·
The
Functions:
§ To indicate that one action was in
progress when another action occurred.
§ To indicate that two actions were
progress simultaneously.
§ To indicate an action that
happened at a certain time in the past
Example :
§ I was studying when the telephone
rang.
§ When mother came back from the
market, we were watching TV.
§ She was sleeping all afternoon
yesterday.
§ I was working when she came here.
§ He was studying while I was coming
to my house.
Adverb of time :
§ All day yesterday.
§ The whole day yesterday.
§ When
§ While
2.
Subject-Verb Agreement
·
Definition
In English grammar,
subject-verb agreement is the correspondence of a verb with its subject in person (first,
second, or third) and number
(singular or plural). Also called subject-verb concord.
The
principle of subject-verb agreement applies to finite verbs in the present tense
and, in a limited way, to the past forms of the verb to be (was
and were).
·
Example
Basic
Principle: Singular subjects need singular
verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs.
Being able to find the right subject and verb will help you
correct errors of subject-verb agreement.
Basic Rule. A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a
singular verb (is, goes, shines), whereas a plural subject takes a
plural verb.
Example:
The list of items is/are
on the desk.
If you know that list is
the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.
1.
Rule 1:
A
subject will come before a phrase beginning with of. This is a key
rule for understanding subjects. The word of is the culprit in
many, perhaps most, subject-verb mistakes.
Hasty
writers, speakers, readers, and listeners might miss the all-too-common mistake
in the following sentence:
Incorrect: A
bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room.
Correct: A bouquet of
yellow roses lends . . . (bouquet lends, not roses
lend)
2.
Rule 2:
Two
singular subjects connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor require
a singular verb.
Examples:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.
3.
Rule 3:
The
verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence
agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor
the plates go on that shelf.
4.
Rule 4 :
As
a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are
connected by and.
Example: A car and
a bike are my means of
transportation.
But
note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the law.
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed
and breakfast was charming.
In
those sentences, breaking and entering and bed and
breakfast are compound nouns.
5.
Rule 5:
Sometimes
the subject is separated from the verb by such words as along with, as
well as, besides, not, etc. These words and phrases are not part of
the subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb when the subject is singular.
Examples:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
6.
Rule 6:
In
sentences beginning with here or there, the
true subject follows the verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a
high hurdle to jump.
7.
Rule 7:
Use
a singular verb with distances, periods of time, sums of money, etc., when
considered as a unit.
Examples:
Three miles is too
far to walk.
Five years is the
maximum sentence for that offense.
Ten dollars is a
high price to pay.
BUT
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.
8.
Rule 8:
With
words that indicate portions—e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all—Rule
1 given earlier in this section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun
after of. If the noun after of is singular, use a
singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.
Examples:
A lot of the pie has disappeared.
A lot of the pie has disappeared.
A lot of
the pies have disappeared.
A third of the city is unemployed.
A third of the people are unemployed.
All of
the pie is gone.
9.
Rule 9
With collective
nouns such as group, jury, family, audience, population, the verb might be
singular or plural, depending on the writer's intent.
Examples:
All of my family has arrived OR have arrived.
Most of the jury is here OR are here.
All of my family has arrived OR have arrived.
Most of the jury is here OR are here.
A third of the population was not in favor OR were not in favor of the bill.
3.
Pronoun
·
What Is a Pronoun?
In grammar, a pronoun is defined as
a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the
pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because
pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject,
direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more. Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating
nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome.
Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:
§
He
§
She
§
They
§
It
§
We
§
Who
As
mentioned, pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also
stand in for certainadverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about a
person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or
writing flow better.
·
Kinds Of Pronoun
1.
Personal
pronouns
This
kind of pronoun refers to a particular person or thing. The form of the
personal pronoun that is appropriate to use for a specific sentence depends on
the gender and number of persons or things that serve as the antecedents.
Examples:
§ You are
definitely the biggest science nerd I’ve ever met.
§ In the example above, the underlined pronoun serves as the
subject.
§ Harry persuaded her to come with him.
§ The pronoun “her” is the object of the verb persuaded.
Him, on the other hand, is the object of the preposition with.
§ Ours is the
one on the left.
§ The pronoun “ours” signifies possession.
2.
Demonstrative
pronouns
The function of this kind of pronoun
is to point to a noun. Examples are: this, these, that, and those. The pronouns
“this” and “these” points to things that are nearby while the other two are for
things that are far. Aside from proximity, you must also consider the number of
things you are pointing out. For singular nouns, “this” and “that” should be
used, while for plural nouns “these” and “those” are appropriate.
Examples:
§ That is the car that I’ll buy for my birthday.
§ The speaker is pointing out to a singular noun that is far
from him/her.
§ She said she wanted these.
§ The underlined pronoun refers to a plural noun and also
serve as the object of the verb
wanted.
wanted.
3.
Indefinite
pronouns
This kind of pronoun refers to
unspecified things. Some examples are: any, all, another, each, anyone,
anything, anybody, nobody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, few, and
many.
Examples:
§ Many were
called for the interview but only 3 were hired.
§ He’s ready to give up everything for his family’s
safety.
4.
Intensive
pronouns
The function of intensive pronouns
is to give emphasis to the antecedent. Examples of this kind of pronoun are:
myself, itself, himself, herself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, and
ourselves.
Examples:
§ The president himself said that it was a terrorist
attack.
§ I myself knew that it was a mistake.
5.
Interrogative
pronouns
As the title implies, the function
of this kind of pronoun is to ask questions. Examples of interrogative pronouns
are: who, what, which, whom, whoever, whatever, whichever, and whomever.
Examples:
§ Who wrote the
book 1984?
§ What did the
doctors say?
6.
Relative
pronouns
This kind of pronoun links one
clause or phrase to another. Some of the most common relative pronouns are:
who, whoever, whomever, that, and which.
Examples:
§ The contestant who gets the highest score wins the
million dollar jackpot.
§ In this sentence, the underlined pronoun is the subject of
the verb gets. The subordinate clause, “who gets the highest
score wins the million dollar jackpot,” describes the noun contestant.
§ He will accept whichever project comes first.
§ The subordinate clause, ”whichever project comes
first,” serves as the object of the verb “will accept.”
7.
Reflexive
pronouns
This kind of pronoun is used to
refer back to the subject. Some of the reflexive pronouns are: yourself,
myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, and itself.
Example:
§ Sandra never forgets to send a copy of the email to herself.
§ The pronoun “herself” refers back to the subject of
the sentence, which is Sandra.
§ He promised to repair the broken fence, however, we ended up
fixing it ourselves.
§ The underlined reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject we.
References:
