Active and Passive Sentences, Relative Clauses, and Conditional Sentences

ASSIGMENT 2

BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2

A.    Active and Passive Sentences

·         Active

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

·         Passive

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Active / Passive Overview

Tense	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Simple Past	Sam repaired the car.	The car was repaired by Sam.
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Simple Future will	Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM.	The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.
Simple Future be going to	Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.
Future Continuous will	At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.
Future Continuous be going to	At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.	At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.
Future Perfect will	They will have completed the project before the deadline.	The project will have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect be going to	They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.	The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.
Future Perfect Continuous will	The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Future Perfect Continuous be going to	The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.	The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.
Used to	Jerry used to pay the bills.	The bills used to be paid by Jerry.
Would Always	My mother would always make the pies.	The pies would always be made by my mother.
Future in the Past Would	I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM.	I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

Examples:

1.      The wedding planner is making all the reservations. (active)
All the reservations will be made by the wedding planner. (passive)

2.      Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the bake sale. (active)
For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked by Susan. (passive)

3.      The science class viewed the comet. (active)
The comet was viewed by the science class. (passive)

4.      Who ate the last cookie? (active)
The last cookie was eaten by whom? (passive)

5.      Alex posted the video on Facebook. (active)
The video was posted on Facebook by Alex. (passive)

6.      The director will give you instructions. (active)
Instructions will be given to you by the director. (passive)

7.      Thousands of tourists view the Grand Canyon every year. (active)
The Grand Canyon is viewed by thousands of tourists every year. (passive)

A.    Relative Clauses

What is Relative Clauses?

Relative clauses are non-essential parts of a sentence. They may add meaning, but if they are removed, the sentence will still function grammatically. There are two broad types of relative clauses in English. It is important to distinguish between them because it affects the choice of pronoun used to introduce the clause.

Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some examples:

Examples :

§  The woman who visited me in the hospital was very kind.

§  Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?

§  The umbrella that I bought last week is already broken.

§  The weather that we had this summer was beautiful.

§  Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?

§  A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.

§  I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.

§  I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.

§  Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!

Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun.

      Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns.

    Note 3 : Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples:

    Notes 4: There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative Pronouns

relative pronoun	use	example
who	subject or object pronoun for people	I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which	subject or object pronoun for animals and things	Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which	referring to a whole sentence	He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose	possession for people animals and things	Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom	object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)	I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
that	subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)	I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.

B.     Conditional Sentences

·         Definiton

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

·         Type of Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentence type	Usage	If clause verb tense	Main clause verb tense
Zero	General truths	Simple present	Simple present
Type 1	A possible condition and its probable result	Simple present	Simple future
Type 2	A hypothetical condition and its probable result	Simple past	Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past	Past perfect	Perfect conditional

§     The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning. 

Examples :

1.      If I sleep late, I am sleepy at work.

2.       If you dry fruits or vegetables, they lose their nutrient and calorie.

3.      If one doesn’t drink after doing exercise, one gets dehydrated.

4.       If we burn paper, does it become ash?

§  Type 1 conditional

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

Examples :

1.      If I find her address, I will give invitation

2.      If the bell rings, I’ll go home.

3.      If you meet Andy, ask him to call me.

4.      If the volunteers do not come to help, the victims of the landslide will die

5.      If she has much money, she will buy a new car for her father.

§  Type 2 conditional

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

Examples :

1.      If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.

2.      If Nisa studied hard, she would pass.

3.      If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity.

4.      Were She here, I would tell her that I love her.

5.      I would be there now if she invited me to her wedding party.

§        Type 3 conditional

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional. 

§  Mixed type conditional

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

Examples:

1.      If he had asked you for forgiveness, would you have forgiven him?

2.      If you hadn’t known the truth, you shouldn’t have spreaded the gossip.

3.      Had you told her that you would marry her last year, she wouldn’t have been with him.

4.      If I had given the interviewer really good answers, I might have got a higher position than you.

5.      If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.

 

References :

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-active-and-passive-voice.html#DfesGk88SahPgp7e.99

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/conditional/